電動汽車和電動車電池的使用壽命是消費者關注的焦點之一，因此循環壽命也是動力鋰電池的(de)一個(ge)非(fei)常重要的(de)考核指標。鋰(li)電池(chi)的(de)循(xun)(xun)環(huan)壽(shou)命(ming)與正負極材(cai)料、電解(jie)液的(de)選擇對于循(xun)(xun)環(huan)壽(shou)命(ming)影響最(zui)大，其次是鋰(li)電池(chi)的(de)使用策略，例如(ru)充放電制度(du)、工(gong)作溫度(du)等都會對鋰(li)電池(chi)的(de)循(xun)(xun)環(huan)壽(shou)命(ming)產生(sheng)顯著的(de)影響。

德國慕尼黑工業大學的Peter Keil和Andreas Jossen針對充電策略對不同種類的功率型18650鋰電池循環的影響進行了分析，下面是鋰電池四種充電策略的詳細講解：

1、恒流恒壓（CCCV）
恒流恒壓充電是最為常見也是最為普通的充電方式，充電開始的階段采用恒流充電的模式對鋰電池進行(xing)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)，當達到(dao)設(she)置電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)后轉而控制電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)不變而不斷降低充電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)直到(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)達到(dao)設(she)置值或者時間達到(dao)設(she)定值（如下(xia)圖(tu)a所(suo)示(shi)）。這(zhe)種(zhong)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)策略充電(dian)(dian)(dian)時間主(zhu)要受到(dao)恒流(liu)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)Icc大(da)小的(de)(de)(de)影響，充電(dian)(dian)(dian)容量則(ze)主(zhu)要受到(dao)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)截止電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)Vch和(he)(he)恒壓(ya)(ya)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)截止電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)Iend的(de)(de)(de)影響，而相關(guan)的(de)(de)(de)研(yan)究也表明高的(de)(de)(de)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)截止電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)Vch和(he)(he)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)Icc會導致鋰(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)壽命(ming)顯(xian)著劣化。

2、多步恒流充電法（MSCC）
在這種充(chong)電(dian)(dian)策略中不再(zai)使用(yong)(yong)恒壓充(chong)電(dian)(dian)，而(er)是采用(yong)(yong)了多步的充(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)遞減的恒流(liu)(liu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)策略，例如采用(yong)(yong)I1恒流(liu)(liu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)到(dao)截止(zhi)電(dian)(dian)壓后，繼續采用(yong)(yong)更小(xiao)的電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)I2充(chong)電(dian)(dian)到(dao)截止(zhi)電(dian)(dian)壓，依次類(lei)推直(zhi)到(dao)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)降(jiang)低到(dao)最(zui)終截止(zhi)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)（如下圖b所示(shi)）。

3、脈沖充電法（PC）
這種充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)方法可(ke)以在一(yi)些相關的(de)文獻報道中(zhong)(zhong)發現(xian)，在這種充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)策略(lve)中(zhong)(zhong)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)過程中(zhong)(zhong)可(ke)能會采用一(yi)系列(lie)的(de)調整(zheng)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流甚至是充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)方向（放電(dian)(dian)(dian)）的(de)短(duan)時(shi)間脈(mo)沖構成，常見的(de)脈(mo)沖充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)策略(lve)有兩種，一(yi)種是僅將CCCV充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)恒壓(ya)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)部分替換(huan)為脈(mo)沖充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)（如下圖c所示(shi)），另外(wai)一(yi)種是將整(zheng)個過程都(dou)替換(huan)為脈(mo)沖充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)（如下圖d所示(shi)）。

4、加速充電（BC）
所(suo)謂的(de)(de)(de)加(jia)速充(chong)電(dian)模式是(shi)在(zai)CCCV充(chong)電(dian)模式的(de)(de)(de)基礎上增加(jia)了(le)一個大電(dian)流的(de)(de)(de)CC或者恒(heng)功(gong)率充(chong)電(dian)過程，從而達到降低(di)充(chong)電(dian)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)（如下圖e所(suo)示），有(you)研(yan)究(jiu)表(biao)明加(jia)速充(chong)電(dian)模式能夠(gou)有(you)效的(de)(de)(de)提升鋰電(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)充(chong)電(dian)效率，同時(shi)(shi)又不會(hui)對鋰電(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)循環壽命(ming)產生(sheng)顯(xian)著的(de)(de)(de)影響。

Peter Keil選擇了三款功率型18650鋰電池進行實驗
Model A：三洋Sanyo UR18650SA 1.25Ah
Model B：索尼Sony US18650VT1 1.1Ah
Model C：A123 apr18650M1A 1.1Ah

1）恒流恒壓充電（CCCV）
1.1充電電流的影響
下圖為CCCV充電策略中采用不同充電電流時電池充電所需要的時間，從圖中能夠看到電池A和C大部分容量都是在恒流充電的過程中完成的，而恒壓充電容量僅占非常小的一部分，而對于電池B恒壓充電的時間占比較大。

對于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)間影響最大的(de)還是(shi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)，例(li)如我(wo)們將充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)從1A增(zeng)加到(dao)(dao)3A，則充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)間能夠縮(suo)短(duan)50%，繼續將充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)提高到(dao)(dao)5A只有電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池A和C的(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)時(shi)(shi)間縮(suo)短(duan)了(le)1/3，而電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池B由(you)于(yu)恒壓充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)間較長，所以將充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)提高到(dao)(dao)5A后充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)間相比于(yu)3A并(bing)沒有顯(xian)著的(de)縮(suo)短(duan)。

下圖為采用CCCV充電策略時不同的充電電流對于電池循環壽命的影響，從圖中能夠看到對于電池A，大充電電流會造成電池壽命的顯著下降，例如1A充電時電池的壽命可達1000次，3A充電時電池的壽命就會下降到800次，而充電電流達到5A時電池的壽命則僅為600次左右。但是對于電池B不同的充電電流對于電池的循環壽命并沒有顯著的影響。對于電池C在1A充電時電池循環1200次后容量保持率仍然可以達到97%，3A充電時電池循環1200次后容量保持率為95%，但是在5A充電時電池壽命會發生快速衰降，壽命不足700次。

1.2充電截止電壓的影響
充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)截止(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓會影響正負極(ji)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)勢，因(yin)此(ci)對于鋰(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)循環(huan)壽命會產生顯著(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)影響。下圖為A、B和C三(san)種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池容量(liang)隨充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)截止(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓的(de)(de)(de)變化，可以看到電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池A和B的(de)(de)(de)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)截止(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓對于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)容量(liang)有顯著(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)影響，充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)截止(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓每降低100mV，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)容量(liang)會衰降10-20%，而電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池C由于采用了LFP正極(ji)，因(yin)此(ci)在3.4V以上電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)容量(liang)幾乎(hu)與(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)截止(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓無關(guan)。

下面為不同截止電壓下電池的循環性能，整體上來看隨著充電截止電壓升高電池的循環性能是在不斷降低的，對于電池A而言，充電截止電壓的影響就比較小，如果將將充電截止電壓從4.2V降低到4.1V，壽命僅增加100次左右，要顯著增加A電池的壽命需要降低到4.0V，但是這會使得電池的容量降低30%，而提高電池的充電電壓到4.25V則僅僅會使得電池的循環壽命輕微的降低。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池B則對(dui)于充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓敏(min)感的(de)多，將充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓從4.1V降(jiang)低到4.0V后(hou)(hou)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池在循環800次后(hou)(hou)容量保持率提高5%，但是進(jin)一步降(jiang)低充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)截止電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓到3.9V則對(dui)于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)循環壽命沒有顯著的(de)影響，但是如(ru)果將充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)截止電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓提高到4.15V則會顯著的(de)加速(su)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池B的(de)衰降(jiang)速(su)度。

電(dian)(dian)池C對于(yu)充電(dian)(dian)截止電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)最為敏感，如果(guo)將充電(dian)(dian)截止電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)從3.6V提(ti)高到3.65V則會(hui)導致電(dian)(dian)池的循環壽命出現(xian)顯著的降低，但是(shi)降低充電(dian)(dian)截止電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)對于(yu)電(dian)(dian)池的循環壽命沒有顯著的影(ying)響。

2）脈沖充電（CCPC／PC）
2.1恒流脈沖（CCPC）
恒流脈(mo)(mo)沖充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)制(zhi)度與恒流恒壓充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)制(zhi)度接近，只是將恒壓充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)階段替換(huan)為(wei)脈(mo)(mo)沖充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，在充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時間上CCPC相比于常見(jian)的恒流恒壓充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)實(shi)際上會更(geng)長一(yi)點，因此在充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時間上CCPC并沒(mei)有優勢。

下圖為采用CCPC和PC充電策略的三種電池的循環數據，可以看到對于三種電池采用CCPC充電策略時，電池的循環壽命實際上與采用相同充電電流的CCCV充電策略是相同的。

2.2脈沖充電（PC）
與前(qian)面的(de)CCPC充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)策(ce)略(lve)不(bu)同(tong)(tong)，PC充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)策(ce)略(lve)在(zai)整(zheng)個充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程中(zhong)(zhong)都采用了脈(mo)沖的(de)方式進行，由于在(zai)脈(mo)沖充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)過程中(zhong)(zhong)極化比較大(da)，因(yin)此脈(mo)沖充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)會使(shi)得電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)有所降低(di)，例如電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)A在(zai)脈(mo)沖充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)策(ce)略(lve)下，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)僅(jin)能(neng)夠(gou)沖入(ru)80%的(de)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)C能(neng)夠(gou)沖入(ru)95%的(de)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)。在(zai)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時間(jian)上PC充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)策(ce)略(lve)與同(tong)(tong)樣(yang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流的(de)CCCV充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)制(zhi)度幾本相(xiang)同(tong)(tong)，從上圖的(de)循(xun)環數據能(neng)夠(gou)看到PC充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)策(ce)略(lve)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)循(xun)環壽命與同(tong)(tong)樣(yang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流的(de)CCCV充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)策(ce)略(lve)幾本相(xiang)同(tong)(tong)。

3）加速充電（BC）
加速充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)策略是在較低的SoC范圍內使用(yong)(yong)較大(da)的充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)（5A）進行充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)，達到截止電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)后轉而采用(yong)(yong)小電(dian)(dian)流(liu)（1A）CCCV充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)方式(shi)進行充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)，因此充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)時(shi)間相(xiang)對縮短，經過(guo)測試(shi)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)A采用(yong)(yong)BC充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)策略充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)時(shi)間為(wei)57min，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)C為(wei)48min，介(jie)于1A和3A電(dian)(dian)流(liu)的CCCV充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)時(shi)間之間。

下圖為電池A和C采用BC充電策略的循環性能，從圖中能夠看到對于電池A，如果從0%開始采用加速充電（5A）則會導致電池的衰降速度顯著增加，與5A電流的CCCV充電策略接近。而如果從10%SoC和20%開始加速充電，則循環壽命會大大改善，與3A電流的CCCV充電策略接近。而對于電池C，如果開始加速充電的SoC為0%和10%則會導致電池的衰降速度明顯加速，而如果在20%SoC開始加速充電，則對于電池的循環壽命的影響較小。這也表明在較低的SoC下進行加速充電會導致電池的循環壽命受到顯著的影響。

Peter Keil的工作表明，對(dui)于(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)池循環(huan)壽(shou)(shou)命(ming)(ming)影響(xiang)最大的為充(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流，對(dui)于(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)池A和(he)C在(zai)5A大電(dian)(dian)流下(xia)進行充(chong)電(dian)(dian)時會導致鋰電(dian)(dian)池的循環(huan)壽(shou)(shou)命(ming)(ming)嚴重(zhong)(zhong)縮(suo)短(duan)，但是(shi)電(dian)(dian)池B的循環(huan)壽(shou)(shou)命(ming)(ming)似乎受(shou)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流的影響(xiang)不大。其次(ci)是(shi)電(dian)(dian)池的充(chong)電(dian)(dian)截(jie)止電(dian)(dian)壓，高的充(chong)電(dian)(dian)截(jie)止會嚴重(zhong)(zhong)的縮(suo)短(duan)鋰電(dian)(dian)池的使用壽(shou)(shou)命(ming)(ming)，特別是(shi)對(dui)于(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)池B和(he)C將充(chong)電(dian)(dian)截(jie)止電(dian)(dian)壓提高50mV就會嚴重(zhong)(zhong)的影響(xiang)電(dian)(dian)池的循環(huan)壽(shou)(shou)命(ming)(ming)。

從充(chong)(chong)電(dian)策略來看(kan)，脈沖充(chong)(chong)電(dian)策略對于(yu)電(dian)池的(de)循(xun)環壽命沒有(you)(you)顯(xian)著的(de)影響(xiang)（相比于(yu)CCCV），但是脈沖充(chong)(chong)電(dian)也沒有(you)(you)減少(shao)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)時間，特別是CCPC充(chong)(chong)電(dian)策略還會導致電(dian)池的(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)時間有(you)(you)所延長(chang)。

加速充電（BC）策(ce)略(lve)能夠減(jian)少一定的充(chong)電(dian)時(shi)間，但(dan)是(shi)加(jia)速(su)充(chong)電(dian)策(ce)略(lve)需要(yao)(yao)謹慎(shen)的選擇加(jia)速(su)充(chong)電(dian)的SoC范(fan)圍，在過(guo)低的SoC的范(fan)圍內盡量不要(yao)(yao)使用加(jia)速(su)充(chong)電(dian)，以免影響電(dian)池的循(xun)環壽命。