鋰電池由于其比能量大、循環壽命長及重量輕等特點，正在被越來越多地應用在電動汽車領域。但鋰離子電池低溫性能并不理想，如磷酸鐵鋰電池在-20℃低溫(wen)充(chong)電條件下，實際(ji)容(rong)量僅(jin)為(wei)25℃時同等(deng)充(chong)電條件下容(rong)量的(de)70%。即使(shi)是(shi)低溫(wen)效(xiao)應較好的(de)錳酸(suan)鋰電池(chi)，在-20℃低溫(wen)下充(chong)電容(rong)量也僅(jin)為(wei)常溫(wen)下的(de)80%左右。低溫(wen)環境降低了(le)鋰電池(chi)的(de)有效(xiao)使(shi)用(yong)電量，限制(zhi)了(le)鋰離子動力電池(chi)在北方(fang)寒(han)冷(leng)地區的(de)推(tui)廣應用(yong)。

對鋰(li)電(dian)(dian)池進行預加(jia)熱(re)，是解決鋰(li)電(dian)(dian)池低溫特性問題的有(you)效方法之一。利用鋰(li)電(dian)(dian)池自己的電(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)為加(jia)熱(re)設(she)備提供電(dian)(dian)源是常用的電(dian)(dian)池加(jia)熱(re)方法，但這種方法會(hui)在加(jia)熱(re)過程中消耗掉(diao)相當一部分電(dian)(dian)池能(neng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)，在一定程度(du)上(shang)降(jiang)低了鋰(li)電(dian)(dian)池放電(dian)(dian)的有(you)效容量(liang)(liang)(liang)。

低溫環境下對鋰電池充電或使用前，必須對電池進行預加熱。電動汽車車載的電池管理系統(BMS)對鋰電電池加熱的方式大體可分外部加熱與內部加熱兩大類。外部加(jia)(jia)熱(re)(re)方式(shi)有(you)空氣加(jia)(jia)熱(re)(re)、液體(ti)加(jia)(jia)熱(re)(re)、相變材料加(jia)(jia)熱(re)(re)，以及熱(re)(re)阻加(jia)(jia)熱(re)(re)器(qi)或(huo)者(zhe)熱(re)(re)泵(beng)加(jia)(jia)熱(re)(re)。這些(xie)加(jia)(jia)熱(re)(re)方式(shi)一般位于電(dian)池包中(zhong)，或(huo)者(zhe)設置(zhi)在(zai)熱(re)(re)循環介質的容器(qi)中(zhong)。內部加(jia)(jia)熱(re)(re)法加(jia)(jia)熱(re)(re)電(dian)池，則是(shi)通(tong)過交流(liu)電(dian)流(liu)激勵電(dian)池內部電(dian)化(hua)學物質，使電(dian)池本身產生熱(re)(re)量。

外部加熱

關(guan)于用空氣加熱(re)的方式，有研究(jiu)人員利用電(dian)池與一(yi)套大氣模擬系統(tong)進行(xing)了實驗(yan)，實驗(yan)結果表(biao)明，相對于裸露在低溫環境中的電(dian)池，周(zhou)圍空氣被(bei)加熱(re)的電(dian)池能(neng)夠放(fang)出更多的容量(liang)。

比(bi)起空(kong)氣加(jia)熱(re)(re)，液(ye)(ye)體(ti)加(jia)熱(re)(re)具有更(geng)好的(de)導(dao)熱(re)(re)率與(yu)更(geng)高的(de)熱(re)(re)轉化效率。但是液(ye)(ye)體(ti)加(jia)熱(re)(re)需(xu)要更(geng)復雜的(de)加(jia)熱(re)(re)系統。液(ye)(ye)體(ti)加(jia)熱(re)(re)在電(dian)動汽(qi)車與(yu)混合動力汽(qi)車中的(de)應用已經有不(bu)少實際案例。比(bi)如：在雪佛蘭 Volt 汽(qi)車中，環繞電(dian)池組熱(re)(re)交換液(ye)(ye)，由360V的(de)加(jia)熱(re)(re)器加(jia)熱(re)(re)。

相(xiang)(xiang)變(bian)(bian)(bian)材料(liao)加熱電池(chi)也已經(jing)被使用。當電池(chi)溫(wen)(wen)度(du)降到相(xiang)(xiang)變(bian)(bian)(bian)材料(liao)的(de)(de)相(xiang)(xiang)變(bian)(bian)(bian)溫(wen)(wen)度(du)點之后，相(xiang)(xiang)變(bian)(bian)(bian)材料(liao)儲存的(de)(de)熱量(liang)會被釋(shi)放出(chu)來，保持環(huan)境溫(wen)(wen)度(du)恒定，也就是向電池(chi)組傳(chuan)遞熱量(liang)。相(xiang)(xiang)變(bian)(bian)(bian)材料(liao)的(de)(de)主(zhu)要(yao)優(you)勢在(zai)于(yu)其可以用在(zai)溫(wen)(wen)度(du)變(bian)(bian)(bian)化(hua)較迅速(su)的(de)(de)環(huan)境中(zhong)。

內部加熱

交流(liu)(liu)激勵加熱(re)(re)(re)，相比(bi)于外(wai)部(bu)加熱(re)(re)(re)來說(shuo)，另(ling)外(wai)一種常用(yong)的(de)加熱(re)(re)(re)方法，結(jie)構設計上會比(bi)較簡單(dan)，就(jiu)是通(tong)過交變(bian)的(de)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)加熱(re)(re)(re)電(dian)(dian)池。它不需要進行傳熱(re)(re)(re)結(jie)構的(de)設計，只(zhi)是在電(dian)(dian)池正負極加載一定(ding)頻(pin)率的(de)交流(liu)(liu)激勵，激勵作用(yong)在電(dian)(dian)池內部(bu)電(dian)(dian)化(hua)學物質上，相當于循環往(wang)復小幅(fu)值充放電(dian)(dian)的(de)效(xiao)果。

與(yu)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)加(jia)熱電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)相比，交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)或正負(fu)方波電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)在(zai)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)和充電(dian)(dian)(dian)周期內都可以加(jia)熱電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，使得電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)溫(wen)度上升，而電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)荷電(dian)(dian)(dian)狀(zhuang)態(tai)(SOC)基(ji)本(ben)上是(shi)不(bu)變的。由于(yu)這些(xie)特(te)性，交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)內部預(yu)熱方法成為一(yi)個研(yan)究較多的領域。2004 年(nian)，國(guo)外一(yi)個研(yan)究者率(lv)先(xian)提(ti)出使用交(jiao)變的電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)直(zhi)接對(dui)鋰離子(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)加(jia)熱，僅僅利用電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)內部的電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻效應(ying)產熱。他們對(dui)不(bu)同(tong)(tong)的SOC 狀(zhuang)態(tai)下和不(bu)同(tong)(tong)溫(wen)度下（-20℃~40℃）的不(bu)同(tong)(tong)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)做了一(yi)些(xie)測(ce)試。測(ce)試結果表明，在(zai)一(yi)定倍率(lv)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)下，所(suo)有電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)都會快速產熱。

美國一個團隊對加熱(re)頻率對加熱(re)效果(guo)的影響(xiang)進(jin)行了研究，他們在 0.01Hz 到2KHz不(bu)同頻率下做了仿真，并將結果(guo)與外部(bu)加熱(re)方式做了比較，認為內部(bu)加熱(re)具有明顯(xian)的優(you)勢。

相比外部(bu)(bu)加(jia)(jia)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)方(fang)(fang)法，內(nei)部(bu)(bu)加(jia)(jia)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)避免了長路徑的熱(re)(re)(re)(re)傳導和靠近加(jia)(jia)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)的地(di)(di)方(fang)(fang)局部(bu)(bu)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)點(dian)的形(xing)成。因此，內(nei)部(bu)(bu)加(jia)(jia)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)以(yi)(yi)更高的效率，更均(jun)勻地(di)(di)加(jia)(jia)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)電(dian)池以(yi)(yi)達到更好的加(jia)(jia)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)效果且更容(rong)易實現。不同(tong)的加(jia)(jia)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)方(fang)(fang)式總結(jie)如下表(biao)：

目前對內部交流預熱方案研究大多集中在加熱速度與效率上，加熱策略對預防鋰沉積等副反應的發生還很少有明確的考慮。實現預熱過程中預防鋰沉積的產生，需要BMS 能實時估計并控制鋰沉積產生的條件。需要基于模型的控制電池低溫下加熱技術，才能實現上述功能。隨著新能源汽車的發展，動力鋰電池的使用量也與日俱增，鋰電(dian)池低(di)溫下(xia)使用急需解決電(dian)池預(yu)熱問題(ti)，這是一個(ge)距離實際(ji)應用非常近的領(ling)域(yu)。

另外，交流加熱(re)，調動電化學物質產生運動，對于(yu)電池使用壽命的影響，暫(zan)時(shi)還沒有看到獲得(de)(de)怎樣(yang)的結論，也是(shi)值得(de)(de)持續關注的問(wen)題。

鋰電池充電預加熱裝置：電池箱、電源管理系統和充電器
鋰電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)或鋰電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)模組位于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)箱內，其特征是:在所述電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)箱內設置電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻加熱(re)絲和溫(wen)度(du)探測(ce)器(qi)(qi);所述電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)管理(li)(li)(li)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)包括:加熱(re)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)開(kai)關、充(chong)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)保護開(kai)關、溫(wen)度(du)測(ce)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)、加熱(re)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)管理(li)(li)(li)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)微(wei)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)器(qi)(qi)、充(chong)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)開(kai)關控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)管理(li)(li)(li)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)通(tong)信端口，溫(wen)度(du)測(ce)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)的(de)輸(shu)入端連接溫(wen)度(du)探測(ce)器(qi)(qi)，溫(wen)度(du)測(ce)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)的(de)輸(shu)出端連接電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)管理(li)(li)(li)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)微(wei)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)器(qi)(qi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)管理(li)(li)(li)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)微(wei)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)器(qi)(qi)的(de)一個輸(shu)出端通(tong)過(guo)加熱(re)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)連接到加熱(re)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)開(kai)關的(de)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)端，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)管理(li)(li)(li)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)微(wei)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)器(qi)(qi)的(de)另一輸(shu)出端通(tong)過(guo)充(chong)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)開(kai)關控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)連接到充(chong)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)保護開(kai)關的(de)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)端

所(suo)述加熱電(dian)(dian)路開(kai)關連接(jie)在電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)加熱絲—端(duan)(duan)(duan)和充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器的負輸(shu)出(chu)(chu)端(duan)(duan)(duan)之間，所(suo)述充(chong)放電(dian)(dian)保護開(kai)關連接(jie)在鋰電(dian)(dian)池(chi)或鋰電(dian)(dian)池(chi)模(mo)組負極和充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器的負輸(shu)出(chu)(chu)端(duan)(duan)(duan)之間，電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)加熱另一端(duan)(duan)(duan)以及鋰電(dian)(dian)池(chi)或鋰電(dian)(dian)池(chi)模(mo)組正極連接(jie)到(dao)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器的正輸(shu)出(chu)(chu)端(duan)(duan)(duan)；

所(suo)(suo)述電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)管理(li)(li)(li)系統通(tong)信(xin)端(duan)口(kou)與(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)管理(li)(li)(li)系統微處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)器(qi)(qi)相連(lian)(lian)，并(bing)對外連(lian)(lian)接(jie)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)通(tong)信(xin)端(duan)口(kou);所(suo)(suo)述充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)包括:調(diao)(diao)壓及(ji)(ji)(ji)開關電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)、恒流(liu)源(yuan)(yuan)、轉(zhuan)換(huan)及(ji)(ji)(ji)檢測(ce)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)、充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)通(tong)信(xin)端(duan)口(kou)和(he)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)微處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)器(qi)(qi)，所(suo)(suo)述調(diao)(diao)壓及(ji)(ji)(ji)開關電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)的(de)輸(shu)(shu)入端(duan)連(lian)(lian)接(jie)市電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，調(diao)(diao)壓及(ji)(ji)(ji)開關電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)的(de)輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)端(duan)一(yi)方面(mian)(mian)直(zhi)接(jie)連(lian)(lian)接(jie)到轉(zhuan)換(huan)及(ji)(ji)(ji)檢測(ce)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)，另一(yi)方面(mian)(mian)通(tong)過恒流(liu)源(yuan)(yuan)連(lian)(lian)接(jie)轉(zhuan)換(huan)及(ji)(ji)(ji)檢測(ce)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)，由轉(zhuan)換(huan)及(ji)(ji)(ji)檢測(ce)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)連(lian)(lian)接(jie)到充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)的(de)正(zheng)、負輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)端(duan),并(bing)連(lian)(lian)接(jie)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)微處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)器(qi)(qi)的(de)輸(shu)(shu)入端(duan),充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)微處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)器(qi)(qi)的(de)輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)端(duan)連(lian)(lian)接(jie)調(diao)(diao)壓及(ji)(ji)(ji)開關電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)的(de)輸(shu)(shu)入端(duan)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)微處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)器(qi)(qi)與(yu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)通(tong)信(xin)端(duan)口(kou)相連(lian)(lian)。