一般電池行業的人都知道，鋰電池的(de)(de)(de)充(chong)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)狀態是否穩定，溫(wen)度(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)變化(hua)起到(dao)(dao)了(le)很(hen)大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)因素(su)，鋰(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)在高(gao)溫(wen)和低(di)溫(wen)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)下(xia)(xia)(xia)充(chong)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，鋰(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)容量保持率(lv)就有(you)所(suo)下(xia)(xia)(xia)降(jiang)(jiang)，在所(suo)有(you)的(de)(de)(de)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)因素(su)中，溫(wen)度(du)(du)對(dui)鋰(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)充(chong)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)性(xing)能影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)最(zui)大(da)(da)，在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極/電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解液界面上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)學反(fan)應(ying)與環(huan)境(jing)(jing)溫(wen)度(du)(du)有(you)關(guan)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極/電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解液界面被(bei)視為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)心臟(zang)。如果溫(wen)度(du)(du)下(xia)(xia)(xia)降(jiang)(jiang)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極的(de)(de)(de)反(fan)應(ying)率(lv)也(ye)(ye)下(xia)(xia)(xia)降(jiang)(jiang)，假設(she)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓保持不變，放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流降(jiang)(jiang)低(di)，鋰(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)功率(lv)輸出(chu)也(ye)(ye)會下(xia)(xia)(xia)降(jiang)(jiang)。如果溫(wen)度(du)(du)上(shang)(shang)升(sheng)則相(xiang)反(fan)，即(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)輸出(chu)功率(lv)會上(shang)(shang)升(sheng)，溫(wen)度(du)(du)也(ye)(ye)影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解液的(de)(de)(de)傳送(song)速度(du)(du)溫(wen)度(du)(du)上(shang)(shang)升(sheng)則加快，傳送(song)溫(wen)度(du)(du)下(xia)(xia)(xia)降(jiang)(jiang)，傳送(song)減慢，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)充(chong)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)性(xing)能也(ye)(ye)會受到(dao)(dao)影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)。但溫(wen)度(du)(du)太高(gao)，超過45℃鋰(li)(li)(li)離(li)子(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)越來越廣泛地應(ying)用到(dao)(dao)人們的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)產生(sheng)活(huo)當中，這使(shi)得它的(de)(de)(de)溫(wen)度(du)(du)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)成為關(guan)注的(de)(de)(de)要點，相(xiang)對(dui)來說，鋰(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)更容易(yi)在高(gao)溫(wen)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)下(xia)(xia)(xia)產生(sheng)安全問(wen)題，因此，必須(xu)對(dui)鋰(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)進行高(gao)溫(wen)性(xing)能的(de)(de)(de)測試，并與其常(chang)溫(wen)測試數據相(xiang)比較。

溫度的變化直接影響了鋰電池的放電性能和放電出來的容量大小。溫度降低，電池內阻加大，電化學反應速度放慢，極化內阻迅速增加，電池放電容量和放電平臺下降，影響電池功率和能量的輸出。對于鋰離子電池，低溫(wen)條(tiao)件下(xia)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容量(liang)急(ji)劇下(xia)降(jiang)，但在高(gao)溫(wen)情況(kuang)下(xia)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容量(liang)并不比常(chang)溫(wen)低，有時(shi)還會(hui)略高(gao)于常(chang)溫(wen)容量(liang)，主(zhu)要(yao)是高(gao)溫(wen)情況(kuang)下(xia)鋰(li)離子遷移速度(du)加快，鋰(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)極不像鎳(nie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)極和和貯氫電(dian)(dian)(dian)極那樣(yang)在高(gao)溫(wen)情況(kuang)下(xia)產生分解(jie)或(huo)形成氫氣使容量(liang)下(xia)降(jiang)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)模塊低溫(wen)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)，隨著放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)，由于電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻等(deng)原因(yin)產生熱(re)量(liang)，使電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)溫(wen)度(du)升(sheng)高(gao)，表(biao)現為電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓有抬升(sheng)現象(xiang)，隨著放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓再逐漸下(xia)降(jiang)。

目前鋰(li)電池(chi)行業(ye)還(huan)沒(mei)有明確的(de)(de)(de)(de)理論(lun)支撐(cheng)其各溫(wen)度(du)(du)(du)性能下的(de)(de)(de)(de)內阻、放電平臺、壽命(ming)、容量(liang)等必(bi)然聯系，相關的(de)(de)(de)(de)計算(suan)公(gong)式和數學模(mo)型還(huan)在摸索階(jie)段。在實際的(de)(de)(de)(de)實驗證明下，鋰(li)電池(chi)對0-40℃這個區間的(de)(de)(de)(de)溫(wen)度(du)(du)(du)并(bing)(bing)不(bu)敏感，如果在充放電時(shi)溫(wen)度(du)(du)(du)變化(hua)低(di)于0℃或者高于40℃，鋰(li)電池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)循環壽命(ming)和容量(liang)就會低(di)于正(zheng)常數值，溫(wen)度(du)(du)(du)超出的(de)(de)(de)(de)范圍越(yue)大(da)，容量(liang)與壽命(ming)就較少的(de)(de)(de)(de)越(yue)多。打個比方(fang)：一(yi)到了冬天特別(bie)是北(bei)方(fang)較寒冷(leng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)地區，手機(ji)電池(chi)電量(liang)使用的(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)間要比夏(xia)天短很多，這就是與溫(wen)度(du)(du)(du)變化(hua)有關，并(bing)(bing)不(bu)是手機(ji)電池(chi)不(bu)耐(nai)用的(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)因。

不同材料鋰電池的低溫性能也有區別，舉個例子磷酸鐵鋰是低溫性能最差的，我們恒帝電池研發的磷酸鐵鋰電池在-10℃時放出(chu)容量為最(zui)大容量的(de)89%，應(ying)該在業內已(yi)經是(shi)比較(jiao)(jiao)高的(de)；在55℃下放出(chu)容量可(ke)達(da)到95%，相對(dui)低(di)溫的(de)衰減還是(shi)比較(jiao)(jiao)少的(de)。但是(shi)錳酸鋰(li)、鈷酸鋰(li)和三(san)(san)元產品的(de)低(di)溫性能要(yao)好一(yi)(yi)些，但是(shi)也有(you)(you)限；而犧(xi)牲(sheng)的(de)是(shi)高溫性能。現在業內吹磷(lin)酸鐵鋰(li)安(an)全性能高，高溫性能好，其(qi)實是(shi)電(dian)池活性沒(mei)有(you)(you)上述(shu)三(san)(san)種高，相對(dui)安(an)全一(yi)(yi)些。整體性能還是(shi)不如錳鋰(li)或三(san)(san)元的(de)。一(yi)(yi)到了(le)冬(dong)天特別是(shi)北方較(jiao)(jiao)寒冷(leng)的(de)地區(qu)，手機電(dian)池電(dian)量使(shi)用的(de)時間要(yao)比夏天短很多。

鋰離子電(dian)池(chi)越來越廣泛地(di)應用到人們(men)的(de)生(sheng)產生(sheng)活當中，這使得(de)它的(de)溫(wen)(wen)度環(huan)境成為關注的(de)要點(dian)，相對(dui)來說，鋰電(dian)池(chi)更容易在高(gao)溫(wen)(wen)環(huan)境下(xia)產生(sheng)安(an)全問(wen)題(ti)，因此，必須對(dui)鋰電(dian)池(chi)進(jin)行(xing)高(gao)溫(wen)(wen)性能的(de)測試，并與其常溫(wen)(wen)測試數據(ju)相比較(jiao)。

測試條件：選擇兩只恒帝電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)生產的聚合物鋰(li)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)603048-950mAh方形(xing)鋰(li)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，分別在25℃(常溫)和60℃(高溫)下進行(xing)。

充(chong)(chong)(chong)放電(dian)制度設計：適用恒流恒壓充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)和恒流放電(dian)制度。充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)終(zhong)止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)電(dian)壓為4.2V，放電(dian)終(zhong)止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)電(dian)壓為3.0V。首先以1C即(ji)950mA充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)至4.2V，再以4.2V恒壓充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)直至截止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)電(dian)流到20mA;然后(hou)以950mA恒流放電(dian)至3.0V，如此循環充(chong)(chong)(chong)放電(dian)300次(ci)。

這里截取三個節點：即第50次、150次、300次充放電循環。

一、在前50次循環過程中：
1、25℃下的表現：容量衰減過程略有起伏，但并非線性，50次后的放電容量保持在96.6%；
2、60℃下的(de)表現：容量(liang)衰減過程(cheng)接近于線性，50次后的(de)放電容量(liang)保持在95.5%。

這說明，在(zai)50次(ci)以內較少的(de)(de)循(xun)環(huan)時，高溫循(xun)環(huan)穩(wen)(wen)定(ding)(ding)(ding)性(xing)略差于常溫循(xun)環(huan)穩(wen)(wen)定(ding)(ding)(ding)性(xing)。但這里有一(yi)個(ge)很重要的(de)(de)現象(xiang)，即鋰(li)電(dian)池在(zai)高溫條件下放(fang)出的(de)(de)電(dian)量(liang)高于電(dian)池的(de)(de)額定(ding)(ding)(ding)容量(liang)，這里的(de)(de)原因在(zai)于，高溫時電(dian)解(jie)質的(de)(de)黏度(du)降低，從(cong)而(er)(er)加快了鋰(li)離子(zi)的(de)(de)遷移速(su)度(du)，這時，不但放(fang)電(dian)容量(liang)高于額定(ding)(ding)(ding)容量(liang)，而(er)(er)且充(chong)入的(de)(de)電(dian)量(liang)更高。

二、在前150次循環過程中：
1、60℃下放出的容量每次都大于25℃時放出的容量;
2、60℃下(xia)初(chu)始容(rong)量(liang)為1020mAh，高于額(e)定容(rong)量(liang)，25℃下(xia)初(chu)始容(rong)量(liang)為930mAh ，但60℃時容(rong)量(liang)衰減較(jiao)快。

三、300次循環后的狀態：這(zhe)時(shi)，常溫狀態(tai)下的(de)指標全面優化，在保持(chi)較慢的(de)容(rong)量衰減(jian)速度(du)時(shi)，其容(rong)量可以保持(chi)在800mAh，而60℃時(shi)只有730 mAh。此時(shi)，60℃下的(de)充(chong)放電(dian)電(dian)壓平臺越來越低，而常溫下幾(ji)乎不變。

上述容量(liang)衰減的(de)(de)(de)(de)表現還可(ke)以從鋰電(dian)(dian)池充(chong)電(dian)(dian)在(zai)不(bu)同(tong)溫度下(xia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)量(liang)補充(chong)情(qing)況(kuang)進行佐(zuo)證：在(zai)25℃下(xia)經過300次循(xun)環后，其恒(heng)流充(chong)電(dian)(dian)和恒(heng)壓充(chong)電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)比例(li)變化(hua)不(bu)大(da)，但(dan)在(zai)60℃時，恒(heng)流充(chong)電(dian)(dian)所獲得(de)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)量(liang)補充(chong)逐(zhu)漸減少，而恒(heng)壓階段獲得(de)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)量(liang)顯著(zhu)增加。這是由于(yu)電(dian)(dian)池極化(hua)現象(xiang)引起的(de)(de)(de)(de)。